LGBTQ+ protections: state law, city ordinances and everyday life

For LGBTQ+ people thinking about a move, the question isn't only whether a state's laws are protective. It's whether the place will feel safe, welcoming and like home. Laws matter a great deal, but they're one layer of a bigger picture.

Federal protections

Some protections apply everywhere in the United States. Same-sex couples can marry in every state, and federal law protects against discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Beyond that, protections vary a lot from state to state.

State law

States differ on whether they explicitly protect against discrimination in housing, public places, health care and insurance, how easily you can update the gender marker on a driver's license or birth certificate, how parentage is recognized, and much more. The Movement Advancement Project publishes a state-by-state tally of these laws and policies, which is a useful way to compare states on the dimensions that matter to you.

City and county ordinances

Many cities have their own nondiscrimination ordinances that go further than state law, so a city can be more protective than its state. The Human Rights Campaign's Municipal Equality Index rates cities each year on their laws, policies and services. Looking at both the state and the specific city gives you a much more accurate picture.

Everyday life and community

Formal rights don't tell you everything about daily life. Look for signs of a visible, active community: an LGBTQ+ community center, older adult programs, support groups, Pride organizations, affirming places of worship and social groups. For retirees, it's worth asking whether there are LGBTQ+-affirming senior housing or programs, and whether local senior centers welcome LGBTQ+ older adults.

Visiting helps. Spend time in the neighborhoods you're considering, and talk to people who live there.

Health care

Look for doctors and health systems known to be affirming, and check what your coverage includes. For transgender people, access to specific care can vary widely between states and health systems.

Protecting your family

Even when you're married, family law experts often recommend extra legal steps. For parents, a court judgment of parentage or an adoption can protect your relationship to your children in every state. For everyone, up-to-date wills, health care powers of attorney and beneficiary designations make sure the people you choose can act for you.

Putting it together

A good comparison looks at three things: state law, the city's own protections and ratings, and the community you'd actually be part of. A place that's strong on all three is likely to feel like home.

This is general information, not legal advice. Laws and ratings change, so check current sources and an attorney for your situation.